T & D Updates

The T & D Update from Southwire is a quarterly publication for utility engineers.

T & D Update Historical Archive
- SWRate Line Thermal Rating Tool Gets Important Updates
  Critical updates in SWRate v4.1 improve calculation of steady-state and transient line ratings
- SAG10® Updates Improve Accuracy and Reliability
  Southwire's SAG10 combines over 75 years of sag and tension data with more than 60 years of conductor design and manufacturing experience.
- Southwire Thinks Small to Boost Urban Power
  DensFlex(TM) MV cables help utilities pack more power into existing city duct banks
- XLPE MV Jackets Bring Sustainable Benefits
  XLPE jackets can allow reduced copper content and higher operating efficiencies.
- Type PV Cables Simplify Solar Power Applications
  Southwire cables for photovoltaic (PV) applications make system design and specification easier.
- Squeezing the Cost of Superconducting Power
  High-temperature superconducting power distribution systems offer economic benefits
- Northwest Lineman College Recommends Proof Positive ™ Copper
  An industry-leading training institution sees Southwire’s Proof Positive Copper helping with a safety problem.
- NERC Wants Operators to Rein in Real-Life Sag
  Sag under actual field conditions may exceed the calculated safety envelope. Reconductoring with HS285® may be the solution.
- Simplify PILC Replacement
  Southwire’s new solution, DensFlex™ MV, is great for replacements in aging urban environments
- Kansas Co-op Fights Ice with VR2 ®
  Southwire’s dual-conductor VR2 beats the twisted-pair installation problem.
- Southwire HV Solutions Installs Its Longest 230kV System
  Public Service Company of Colorado (PSCo), an Xcel Energy Company, contracted Southwire HV Solutions to provide and install a completely functional 230kV, XLPE transmission cable system on its Sandown-Leetsdale circuit in Denver.
- Solving for Conductor Impedance and Admittance
  Part 2 of 2: Characteristics of Conductor System Admittance
- Expanded Pole Ground Sizes, Same Proof Positive ™ Protection
  Southwire’s Proof Positive™ Copper with TraceID technology provides ownership traceability in theft-prone pole grounds.
- Solving Overhead Conductor Impedance and Admittance
  Part 1 of 2: Characteristics of conductor system impedance
- Southwire Support Speeds Major Fire Recovery
  When the Station Fire roared across the San Gabriel Mountains north of Los Angeles in the fall of 2009, it destroyed electrical infrastructure in over 250 square miles.
- ASTM Recruiting New Members
  The American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) needs you. The 100 year old organization is seeking new members from industry participants who have a desire to shape the current--and future--standards around wire and cable.
- Keeping O’Hare Cool with CAMV
  Compact CAMV architecture provides cost-saving power distribution
- Theft Deterrent Copper Solution Turning Heads
  Southwire’s new traceable conductor provides immediate proof of ownership
- Join Southwire at the IEEE T&D Expo Next Week
  If you are attending the 2010 IEEE PES T&D Conference and Exposition next week in New Orleans, visit Southwire at booth 2851.
- Get Maximum Vibration Resistant Capacity with VR2
  Southwire’s unique dual-conductor design eliminates hassles in vibration-resistant installations. VR2 is now available in transmission sizes.
- Revising ACSR Capacity Assumptions
  Changing design parameters to acheive more capacity could damage ACSR conductors
- Finding Product Info Just Got Easier
  Southwire website redesign simplifies finding product and support information
- Southwire Alliance Partnerships Benefit the Industry
  Specialized engineering and process-improvement analysis benefits all Southwire customers
- Four-layer Trap Wire Expands High-Capacity Overhead Options
  Customer requests spur enhanced energy capabilities in Southwire’s overhead conductor line
- Southwire Invites You to ICUEE - 2009
- Integrated Sentry CIC Manufacturing Benefits Customers - 2009
- New Industry Standards are Guiding Designs and Interconnections - 2009
  Industry leader Southwire actively works on critical industry standards.
- Turn-key Underground HV Puts Substation On-Line - 2009
  Underground high-voltage installations call for specialized engineering and skill, which Southwire supplies.
- Southwire's SAG10 Updates Improve Sag and Tension Solutions - 2009
  Ongoing improvements make SAG10 an even better value for overhead conductor design.
- PILC Replacements Take Engineering - 2009
  Southwire can design replacements for paper-insulated, lead-covered cables to meet individual customer needs
- Year-Long Tests Assure 230 kV Reliability - 2009
  Pre-qualification testing by independent laboratory puts Southwire first among providers of cable systems up to 230 kV
- PowerGlide® 600V UD Makes Pushing Easier - 2009
  Comparison tests show PowerGlide reduces workload compared to standard cable.
- SureSeal ® Protects Agricultural Irrigation - 2009
  Chewing gophers can be a serious threat to agricultural irrigation power. SureSeal keeps current flowing.
- Covered Aerial MV Systems (formerly Spacer Cable) Now Available - 2009
  Southwire has re-launched its Spacer Cable Systems product line under the trade name "Covered Aerial MV Systems' (CAMV).
- Innovators 3M and Southwire join forces to manufacture 3M™ ACCR - 2009
  3M's innovative ACCR conductor and Southwire's recognized conductor and manufacturing expertise will combine to deliver the highest quality product to utility companies throughout North America.
- Superconductive Distribution System Sees Over Two Years of Commercial Service - 2009
  Advances in cable design and cooling technology reduce the cost of high-efficiency power distribution. Southwire's HTS Triax® Superconducting Cable system recently marked two-and-a-half years of successful power distribution in suburban Columbus, Ohio.
- Hot Demand for Cold Power - 2008
  Commercial high-temperature superconductor power is multiplying rapidly. Here are three recent developments.
- SureSeal Helps Keep the Lights Lit - 2008
  Small-diameter aluminum conductors need protection in direct-burial applications. Self-healing cables from Southwire provide it.
- Spacer Cable Eases Right-of-Way Squeeze - 2008
  Sometimes a right-of-way is a tight squeeze for a distribution circuit. If you’re running a 25kV line down an urban alleyway, there simply may not be room to leave safe clearance around bare conductors on insulators. Spacer cable can help you out.
- Southwire SAG10 Launch Well-Received - 2008
  Southwire's purchase of SAG10 program brings expert support to industry-standard software.
- Push or Pull, PowerGlide™ Cables Go In Easier - 2008
  Now there's an easier way to install either 600V UD or medium-voltage (MV) in HDPE or PVC conduit systems. You can get faster installations, reduce pulling operations, and cut overall job costs with PowerGlide 600V UD and MV cables from Southwire.
- Southwire Helps Customers Cut Waste, Go Green - 2008
  Southwire is committed to helping its customers go green and reduce environmental waste with Southwire products. Our dedication to reducing - and ultimately eliminating - waste shows up in both our products and manufacturing processes.
- VR2 Makes Vibration Resistant Installation Easy - 2008
  Utilities that deal with aeolian vibration, ice storms and ice galloping are giving a warm reception to a new form of dual-conductor vibration-resistant cable from Southwire: VR2.
- Southwire Helps Restore Power and Home for Millions on Gulf Coast - 2008
  After two major hurricanes struck the Gulf Coast within weeks of each other in September, Southwire employees worked around the clock to supply utilities and distributors with the wire and cable needed to restore power to millions of businesses and homes.
- New Posters Showcase Southwire Utility Products - 2008
  If you need a quick reference to keep track of your options in power transmission and distribution, Southwire has what you need.
- SureSeal - 50 Million Feet of Innovation Working for Utilities - 2008
  Utilities need products that give years of trouble-free service. So it takes a lot of customer acceptance to bring a new-to-the-industry product from the difficult beginnings of production to 50 million feet of wire on reels. That's the SureSeal® story.
- Superconducting Power Delivery Comes to Columbus - 2007
  An advanced application of high-temperature superconductivity is now part of American Electric Power’s (AEP) distribution system in Columbus, Ohio. Southwire technology is at the heart of it.
- High-Capacity Tie Line Uses Low-Sag Technology - 2007
  Ultra-high-strength steel core delivers exotic performance with known technology.
- Slender Sheaths Put Underground HV on a Diet - 2006
  Slender Sheaths Put Underground HV on a Diet. Laminated sheaths cut costs by extending underground high-voltage runs.
- Add Steel Strength - Get More Grid Throughput - 2005 test
  Today, boosting grid capacity usually means putting more power down the same right-of-way. So, as engineers explore routes to higher throughput, overhead conductor designs are coming under increased scrutiny.
- Damage Control for Buried 600V Just Got Easier - 2005
  Second-generation sealant from Southwire promises easier control of the cost of failures in direct-buried 600V UD service cables. Some utilities see thousands of 600V UD failures in a year, and the expense mounts up in a hurry.
- Underground High-Voltage Offering Feeds a Growing - 2005
  More and more HV transmission is going underground. Southwire is expanding its products and services to meet the growing need.
- Spacer Cable Puts More Power Down the Corridor - 2005
  If you're running a 25kV line down an urban alleyway, there simply may not be room to leave safe clearance around bare conductors on insulators. Spacer cable can help you out - and Southwire can help you with all . . .
- Innovative in Action Delivers Practical Products - 2005
  Most Southwire customers know the D.B. Cofer Technology Center as a source of answers for difficult application questions. But since its opening in 1992, Cofer Center research has also delivered innovation with immediate value to utility operators.
- Service Drop Cables with SCRAMessenger Keep - 2005
  Service Drop Cables with a SCRAMessenger Keep Squirrels at Bay. Our bushy-tailed friends have an appetite for aluminum, but turn up their noses at copper.
- Southwire Delivers in Massive Path 15 Project - 2005
  California's Path 15 grid upgrade in 2003 - 04 was one of the largest U.S. transmission line projects in the last decade. So when the contractor needed assurance of timely delivery of seven million pounds of overhead conductors, they chose Southwire.
- Website Redo Dresses Up Cost-Cutting E-Business - 2004
  There’s a new look on Southwire’s Web site, and we hope you like it. A cleaner appearance and more direct navigation improves access to technical content and cost-cutting E-business tools.
- When Trees Squeeze, These Wires Please - 2004
  Tree-lined streets are a lovely urban picture – unless you have to run overhead distribution lines along them.
- How to Put a Gigawatt Underground - 2004
  How do you get nearly a thousand Megawatts of energy capacity from one side of a major interstate highway to the other – without going overhead?
- Grid Upgrades Fight Blackouts - 2004
  Blackout! Utility planners will remember August, 2003 for a long time. When 21 power plants dropped off line, 50 million people in eight states were affected. The big question: How do we keep that from happening again?
- Triple Listing Simplifies Underground Service Feeders - 2004
  Bringing 600V underground service into a building can require multiple conductor ratings. Southwire’s triple-listed Triplex UD cable with AlumaFlex™ conductors simplifies installations by meeting all the requirements with a single product.
- Compressed Stranding Gives Cable New Look - 2004
  A new form of stranding looks different, but still delivers Southwire quality and performance.
- These Wires Cover the Ground - 2004
  Protected ground wire eliminates conduit and moldings on utility poles.
- When Emergencies Exceed Planning - 2004
  Four hurricanes in a row challenged Southeastern utilities. Southwire helped deliver power.
- SIW Compressed Stranding Brings a New Look - 2004
  A new form of stranding looks different, but still delivers Southwire quality and performance.
- Southwire's VR Conductors Hold Vibration at Bay - 2003
  Don't let vibration bring you down!"Aeolian vibration and galloping are major enemies of overhead transmission and distribution lines in many parts of the U.S., including much of the Midwest,"says Nick Ware, director of Southwire’s Cofer Technology Center
- Underground High Voltage Cuts Runway Extension Costs - 2003
  When a northern Georgia county wanted to extend the runway of the county airport, there was a problem. An overhead 115kV transmission line ran across the path of the proposed extension.
- Southwire Cables Keep Substations Under Control - 2003
  Electrical substations and power generation facilities need specialized cables - and more common cables, too. Southwire supplies all of them.
- Temperature Sensing May Boost Transmission Revenue - 2003
  When profitable short-term power transport opportunities come up, you want to take advantage of them. But how much load can your transmission conductors really handle on any given day, when capacity varies with changes in air temperature and wind speed?
2011 T & D Updates
- SWRate Line Thermal Rating Tool Gets Important Updates
  Critical updates in SWRate v4.1 improve calculation of steady-state and transient line ratings
- SAG10® Updates Improve Accuracy and Reliability
  Southwire's SAG10 combines over 75 years of sag and tension data with more than 60 years of conductor design and manufacturing experience.
- Southwire Thinks Small to Boost Urban Power
  DensFlex(TM) MV cables help utilities pack more power into existing city duct banks
- XLPE MV Jackets Bring Sustainable Benefits
  XLPE jackets can allow reduced copper content and higher operating efficiencies.
- Type PV Cables Simplify Solar Power Applications
  Southwire cables for photovoltaic (PV) applications make system design and specification easier.
- Squeezing the Cost of Superconducting Power
  High-temperature superconducting power distribution systems offer economic benefits
- Northwest Lineman College Recommends Proof Positive ™ Copper
  An industry-leading training institution sees Southwire’s Proof Positive Copper helping with a safety problem.
- NERC Wants Operators to Rein in Real-Life Sag
  Sag under actual field conditions may exceed the calculated safety envelope. Reconductoring with HS285® may be the solution.
- Simplify PILC Replacement
  Southwire’s new solution, DensFlex™ MV, is great for replacements in aging urban environments
- Kansas Co-op Fights Ice with VR2 ®
  Southwire’s dual-conductor VR2 beats the twisted-pair installation problem.
2010 T & D Updates
- Southwire HV Solutions Installs Its Longest 230kV System
  Public Service Company of Colorado (PSCo), an Xcel Energy Company, contracted Southwire HV Solutions to provide and install a completely functional 230kV, XLPE transmission cable system on its Sandown-Leetsdale circuit in Denver.
- Solving for Conductor Impedance and Admittance
  Part 2 of 2: Characteristics of Conductor System Admittance
- Expanded Pole Ground Sizes, Same Proof Positive ™ Protection
  Southwire’s Proof Positive™ Copper with TraceID technology provides ownership traceability in theft-prone pole grounds.
- Solving Overhead Conductor Impedance and Admittance
  Part 1 of 2: Characteristics of conductor system impedance
- Southwire Support Speeds Major Fire Recovery
  When the Station Fire roared across the San Gabriel Mountains north of Los Angeles in the fall of 2009, it destroyed electrical infrastructure in over 250 square miles.
- ASTM Recruiting New Members
  The American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) needs you. The 100 year old organization is seeking new members from industry participants who have a desire to shape the current--and future--standards around wire and cable.
- Keeping O’Hare Cool with CAMV
  Compact CAMV architecture provides cost-saving power distribution
- Theft Deterrent Copper Solution Turning Heads
  Southwire’s new traceable conductor provides immediate proof of ownership
- Join Southwire at the IEEE T&D Expo Next Week
  If you are attending the 2010 IEEE PES T&D Conference and Exposition next week in New Orleans, visit Southwire at booth 2851.
- Get Maximum Vibration Resistant Capacity with VR2
  Southwire’s unique dual-conductor design eliminates hassles in vibration-resistant installations. VR2 is now available in transmission sizes.
- Revising ACSR Capacity Assumptions
  Changing design parameters to acheive more capacity could damage ACSR conductors
- Southwire Segmental HV Conductors Boost High-Capacity Transmission
  Southwire now offers large size segmental conductors up to 4000 kcmil for the most demanding underground transmission applications.
2009 T & D Updates
- Finding Product Info Just Got Easier
  Southwire website redesign simplifies finding product and support information
- Southwire Alliance Partnerships Benefit the Industry
  Specialized engineering and process-improvement analysis benefits all Southwire customers
- Four-layer Trap Wire Expands High-Capacity Overhead Options
  Customer requests spur enhanced energy capabilities in Southwire’s overhead conductor line
- Southwire Invites You to ICUEE - 2009
- Integrated Sentry CIC Manufacturing Benefits Customers - 2009
- New Industry Standards are Guiding Designs and Interconnections - 2009
  Industry leader Southwire actively works on critical industry standards.
- Turn-key Underground HV Puts Substation On-Line - 2009
  Underground high-voltage installations call for specialized engineering and skill, which Southwire supplies.
- Southwire's SAG10 Updates Improve Sag and Tension Solutions - 2009
  Ongoing improvements make SAG10 an even better value for overhead conductor design.
- PILC Replacements Take Engineering - 2009
  Southwire can design replacements for paper-insulated, lead-covered cables to meet individual customer needs
- Year-Long Tests Assure 230 kV Reliability - 2009
  Pre-qualification testing by independent laboratory puts Southwire first among providers of cable systems up to 230 kV
- PowerGlide® 600V UD Makes Pushing Easier - 2009
  Comparison tests show PowerGlide reduces workload compared to standard cable.
- SureSeal ® Protects Agricultural Irrigation - 2009
  Chewing gophers can be a serious threat to agricultural irrigation power. SureSeal keeps current flowing.
- Covered Aerial MV Systems (formerly Spacer Cable) Now Available - 2009
  Southwire has re-launched its Spacer Cable Systems product line under the trade name "Covered Aerial MV Systems' (CAMV).
- Innovators 3M and Southwire join forces to manufacture 3M™ ACCR - 2009
  3M's innovative ACCR conductor and Southwire's recognized conductor and manufacturing expertise will combine to deliver the highest quality product to utility companies throughout North America.
- Superconductive Distribution System Sees Over Two Years of Commercial Service - 2009
  Advances in cable design and cooling technology reduce the cost of high-efficiency power distribution. Southwire's HTS Triax® Superconducting Cable system recently marked two-and-a-half years of successful power distribution in suburban Columbus, Ohio.
2008 T & D Updates
- Hot Demand for Cold Power - 2008
  Commercial high-temperature superconductor power is multiplying rapidly. Here are three recent developments.
- Ultra-High Strength Steel Upgrades Danis Grid - 2008
  The ancient Vikings didn’t worry about power grid capacity. Modern Danes do. As in the U.S. their problem is how to increase grid capacity cost-effectively.
- SureSeal Helps Keep the Lights Lit - 2008
  Small-diameter aluminum conductors need protection in direct-burial applications. Self-healing cables from Southwire provide it.
- Spacer Cable Eases Right-of-Way Squeeze - 2008
  Sometimes a right-of-way is a tight squeeze for a distribution circuit. If you’re running a 25kV line down an urban alleyway, there simply may not be room to leave safe clearance around bare conductors on insulators. Spacer cable can help you out.
- Southwire SAG10 Launch Well-Received - 2008
  Southwire's purchase of SAG10 program brings expert support to industry-standard software.
- IEEE PES T & D Conference Lights Up Chicago - 2008
  Southwire's commitment to the utility industry is exemplified by attendance at this important conference. This year's IEEE Power Engineering Society (PES) Transmission and Distribution Conference and Exposition was held on April 21 - 24 in Chicago.
- Push or Pull, PowerGlide™ Cables Go In Easier - 2008
  Now there's an easier way to install either 600V UD or medium-voltage (MV) in HDPE or PVC conduit systems. You can get faster installations, reduce pulling operations, and cut overall job costs with PowerGlide 600V UD and MV cables from Southwire.
- Southwire Helps Customers Cut Waste, Go Green - 2008
  Southwire is committed to helping its customers go green and reduce environmental waste with Southwire products. Our dedication to reducing - and ultimately eliminating - waste shows up in both our products and manufacturing processes.
- VR2 Makes Vibration Resistant Installation Easy - 2008
  Utilities that deal with aeolian vibration, ice storms and ice galloping are giving a warm reception to a new form of dual-conductor vibration-resistant cable from Southwire: VR2.
- Southwire Helps Restore Power and Home for Millions on Gulf Coast - 2008
  After two major hurricanes struck the Gulf Coast within weeks of each other in September, Southwire employees worked around the clock to supply utilities and distributors with the wire and cable needed to restore power to millions of businesses and homes.
- New Posters Showcase Southwire Utility Products - 2008
  If you need a quick reference to keep track of your options in power transmission and distribution, Southwire has what you need.
- SureSeal - 50 Million Feet of Innovation Working for Utilities - 2008
  Utilities need products that give years of trouble-free service. So it takes a lot of customer acceptance to bring a new-to-the-industry product from the difficult beginnings of production to 50 million feet of wire on reels. That's the SureSeal® story.
2007 T & D Updates
- Superconducting Power Delivery Comes to Columbus - 2007
  An advanced application of high-temperature superconductivity is now part of American Electric Power’s (AEP) distribution system in Columbus, Ohio. Southwire technology is at the heart of it.
- High-Capacity Tie Line Uses Low-Sag Technology - 2007
  Ultra-high-strength steel core delivers exotic performance with known technology.
2006 T & D Updates
- Slender Sheaths Put Underground HV on a Diet - 2006
  Slender Sheaths Put Underground HV on a Diet. Laminated sheaths cut costs by extending underground high-voltage runs.
2005 T & D Updates
- Add Steel Strength - Get More Grid Throughput - 2005 test
  Today, boosting grid capacity usually means putting more power down the same right-of-way. So, as engineers explore routes to higher throughput, overhead conductor designs are coming under increased scrutiny.
- Damage Control for Buried 600V Just Got Easier - 2005
  Second-generation sealant from Southwire promises easier control of the cost of failures in direct-buried 600V UD service cables. Some utilities see thousands of 600V UD failures in a year, and the expense mounts up in a hurry.
- Underground High-Voltage Offering Feeds a Growing - 2005
  More and more HV transmission is going underground. Southwire is expanding its products and services to meet the growing need.
- Spacer Cable Puts More Power Down the Corridor - 2005
  If you're running a 25kV line down an urban alleyway, there simply may not be room to leave safe clearance around bare conductors on insulators. Spacer cable can help you out - and Southwire can help you with all . . .
- Innovative in Action Delivers Practical Products - 2005
  Most Southwire customers know the D.B. Cofer Technology Center as a source of answers for difficult application questions. But since its opening in 1992, Cofer Center research has also delivered innovation with immediate value to utility operators.
- Service Drop Cables with SCRAMessenger Keep - 2005
  Service Drop Cables with a SCRAMessenger Keep Squirrels at Bay. Our bushy-tailed friends have an appetite for aluminum, but turn up their noses at copper.
- Southwire Delivers in Massive Path 15 Project - 2005
  California's Path 15 grid upgrade in 2003 - 04 was one of the largest U.S. transmission line projects in the last decade. So when the contractor needed assurance of timely delivery of seven million pounds of overhead conductors, they chose Southwire.
2004 T & D Updates
- These Wires Cover the Ground - 2004
  Protected ground wire eliminates conduit and moldings on utility poles.
- When Emergencies Exceed Planning - 2004
  Four hurricanes in a row challenged Southeastern utilities. Southwire helped deliver power.
- SIW Compressed Stranding Brings a New Look - 2004
  A new form of stranding looks different, but still delivers Southwire quality and performance.
- Website Redo Dresses Up Cost-Cutting E-Business - 2004
  There’s a new look on Southwire’s Web site, and we hope you like it. A cleaner appearance and more direct navigation improves access to technical content and cost-cutting E-business tools.
- When Trees Squeeze, These Wires Please - 2004
  Tree-lined streets are a lovely urban picture – unless you have to run overhead distribution lines along them.
- How to Put a Gigawatt Underground - 2004
  How do you get nearly a thousand Megawatts of energy capacity from one side of a major interstate highway to the other – without going overhead?
- Grid Upgrades Fight Blackouts - 2004
  Blackout! Utility planners will remember August, 2003 for a long time. When 21 power plants dropped off line, 50 million people in eight states were affected. The big question: How do we keep that from happening again?
- Triple Listing Simplifies Underground Service Feeders - 2004
  Bringing 600V underground service into a building can require multiple conductor ratings. Southwire’s triple-listed Triplex UD cable with AlumaFlex™ conductors simplifies installations by meeting all the requirements with a single product.
- Compressed Stranding Gives Cable New Look - 2004
  A new form of stranding looks different, but still delivers Southwire quality and performance.
2003 T & D Updates
- Southwire's VR Conductors Hold Vibration at Bay - 2003
  Don't let vibration bring you down!"Aeolian vibration and galloping are major enemies of overhead transmission and distribution lines in many parts of the U.S., including much of the Midwest,"says Nick Ware, director of Southwire’s Cofer Technology Center
- Underground High Voltage Cuts Runway Extension Costs - 2003
  When a northern Georgia county wanted to extend the runway of the county airport, there was a problem. An overhead 115kV transmission line ran across the path of the proposed extension.
- Southwire Cables Keep Substations Under Control - 2003
  Electrical substations and power generation facilities need specialized cables - and more common cables, too. Southwire supplies all of them.
- Temperature Sensing May Boost Transmission Revenue - 2003
  When profitable short-term power transport opportunities come up, you want to take advantage of them. But how much load can your transmission conductors really handle on any given day, when capacity varies with changes in air temperature and wind speed?

Certification Directories

Calculators

T & D Updates

Installation Manuals